On my '78 Decathlon I was having the same problem. I shop-vac'ed until blue in the face over and over, only to have it start again after a few flights. During annual (I'm an A&P/IA), I bit the bullet and ripped out the entire interior, thinking it was high time to get rid of the crap-brown naugahyde, not that I'm not impressed with how long it lasted! Well, that horrible decomposing black foam is behind all of the interior panels and I filled my shop-vac vacuuming it all up. So, if your foam is decomposing and causing problems in the boot cowl/firewall area, it's decomposing throughout the entire interior. I'll figure out what to replace it with when I go back together with the new interior, but I'll most likely use whatever the factory is using, as long as it's not that disgusting foam!
I haven't addressed the pad behind the firewall yet, but I'm thinking I'm just going to pull the engine and boot cowl so I can install the new pad and replace/rewire the instrument panel. I know this doesn't help you trying to get rid of the foam in situ, but I wish you luck! I've seen a lot of Decathlons for sale ad pictures where the firewall upholstery is missing and in its place is that silver stick-on soundproofing. I see that and I know they had the same problem. As an IA, I would frown on that and probably not be willing to approve without knowing the pads had some kind of FAA approval.
On another note, I had some areas of fabric where the dope was peeling, cracking and detaching because of what looked like chemical contamination from the inside. Once the interior was out those were areas where the decomposed foam was piled and packed against the fabric. I can't prove that that's the source of contamination, but I'm scratching my head over what else it could be... I am now glad to be rid of the foam insulation!